@article{ author = {MalekzadehShafaroudi, Majid and Zarei, Hooman and MalekzadehShafaroudi, Ali and Karimi, Narges and Abedini, Mahmou}, title = {The Relationship between Glutamate and Multiple Sclerosis}, abstract ={Glutamate is the most important excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system which is involved in synaptic transmission, brain development, synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory. Normally, the enzymatic destruction of glutamate does not occur in the synaptic and extracellular space, but glutamate is removed through specific transporter proteins, leading to stabilization of glutamate concentration at non-toxic levels. When extracellular glutamate concentration increases, it could cause excitotoxicity and lead to many diseases of the central nervous system such as neurodegenerative disorders and multiple sclerosis (MS). Trans-glutaminase enzymes produce large quantities of glutamate by deaminating glutamine and consequently activating immune cells, especially lymphocytes. These activated lymphocytes release glutamate abundantly in the lesion location. Also, the expression level of glutamate specific carriers is decreased in the lesion area. This review discusses on the synthesis and release of glutamate, the natural cycle of glutamine/glutamate and glutamate receptors and transporters, and their role in excitotoxicity and finally their relationship with MS.}, Keywords = {Glutamate, multiple sclerosis, excitotoxicity, central nervous system}, volume = {4}, Number = {1}, pages = {1-13}, publisher = {4}, url = {http://ibbj.org/article-1-148-en.html}, eprint = {http://ibbj.org/article-1-148-en.pdf}, journal = {International Biological and Biomedical Journal}, issn = {2423-4478}, eissn = {}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Arun, Kumar and Vankatachalam, V V and Deepak, Ujawane and Tiwari, Virendra K and Aakash, Sindhe}, title = {Combined Effect of N-Acetyl Cysteine and Clarithromycin on Bleomycin Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis}, abstract ={Combined therapy with clarithromycin (CLTR) and N–acetyl cysteine (NAC) may be useful in diseases with impaired oxidant-antioxidant balance, fibroblast proliferation, and collagen deposition such as pulmonary fibrosis. Activated inflammatory cells which accumulate in the lower airways may release increased amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) when accompanied with a deficiency in glutathione, the major component of the lung antioxidant defense system, leading to lung injury and fibrosis. The aim of this study was to examine the combined effect of CLTR, and NNAC on bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in rats. Bleomycin was administered by single intra tracheal instillation to Wistar rats to induce lung fibrosis. Rats under study were orally administered with NAC (3 mmol/Kg), and CLTR (20 mg/Kg) from day 4 to 21, after a single intra tracheal instillation of bleomycin (2.5 U/Kg) or saline on day 1. Combined treatment with CLTR and NAC significantly decreased the augmented collagen deposition in bleomycin exposed rats (P< 0.05). Hydroxyproline content was 1.711±0.94 mg/g/tissue, and 1.055±1.83 mg/g/tissue in bleomycin-treated (positive control), and CLTR + NAC treated rats, respectively. CLTR and NAC combined therapy resulted in a significant increase (P< 0.05) in GSH (22%), significant decrease (P< 0.05) in MDA (14%), and significant decrease (P< 0.05) in total protein levels (39%) when compared to positive control rats. The histological assessment using a semi quantitative score showed less collagen deposition, and inflammatory cells in CLTR + NAC treated rats compared to those receiving bleomycin alone. Additionally, hematological and clinical chemistry parameters of blood did not revealed any signs of toxicity of combined treatment. These results indicate that combined treatment with NAC and CLTR improves the pulmonary antioxidant protection, collagen deposition, and thus might be useful in reducing lung damage produced by bleomycin.}, Keywords = {Pulmonary fibrosis, bleomycin, N–acetyl cysteine, clarithromycin}, volume = {4}, Number = {1}, pages = {14-23}, publisher = {4}, url = {http://ibbj.org/article-1-152-en.html}, eprint = {http://ibbj.org/article-1-152-en.pdf}, journal = {International Biological and Biomedical Journal}, issn = {2423-4478}, eissn = {}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {A.Sharaf, Abeer and S.Kawashti, Maha and F.AbdElhaliem, Naglaa and Ismaeel, Hawaze}, title = {Investigation of Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) Class I and II Alleles and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Genotypes in Patients Infected with HCV}, abstract ={Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major public health problem with more than 130-180 million people infected worldwide. Several studies in different populations have reported the association of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genotypes, and HCV viral load, and genotypes. The aim of this study was to investigate a possible association between HLA class I and II alleles in HCV-infected patients and healthy individuals. This study was conducted on 82 individuals characterized as group A: 29 healthy screened blood donors as controls; group B: 7 patients positive for HCV antibodies with non-detectable HCV-RNA; and group C: 46 patients positive for HCV antibodies with detectable HCV-RNA. HCV seropositivity was determined by enzyme immuno-assay (EIA), confirmed by recombinant immune blotting assay (RIBA). Viral RNA was detected by qualitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by determination of viral load by quantitative RT-PCR. HCV DNA amplicons were utilized by immune blotting hybridization assay for detection of HCV genotypes in HCV-infected groups. HLA genotyping was performed for all studied groups. HCV genotype 1 (1a, 1b) was the commonest among the high viral load (> 500.000 copies/ml) HCV-infected patients (70%), while genotype 4 was found in only (18.75%) low viral load (< 500.000 copies/ml) HCV-infected patients. Each group was characterized exclusively by certain HLA genotypes. HLA-A99, B6, B14, B15, B45, B78, DQ3, and DQ22 were only detected in group A subjects. HLA-B70 was observed only in group B, and HLA-A21, A34, A69, B0, B21, B39, B46, B56, B58, B60, B65, B71, B75, DR6, DR9, DR18, and DQ9 were detected in group C only. High frequencies 44.8%, 37.9%, 34.5%, and 27.6% for HLA- DQ6, DQ2, A2 and B51, respectively were observed in healthy controls. Meanwhile, 54.3%, 34.8%, 28.3%, 26.1%, 23.9%, and 17.4% frequencies were observed for HLA-DQ2, DQ6, A1, A2 and DR17, DR4, B51, and B0, respectively in HCV-infected patients. The HLA genetic makeup maybe a contributing factor for determining HCV infection outcome, the virus clearance or chronic persistence infection. Further researches on a larger scale are needed.}, Keywords = { HCV infection, viral load, HCV genotypes, HLA genotypes}, volume = {4}, Number = {1}, pages = {24-34}, publisher = {4}, url = {http://ibbj.org/article-1-154-en.html}, eprint = {http://ibbj.org/article-1-154-en.pdf}, journal = {International Biological and Biomedical Journal}, issn = {2423-4478}, eissn = {}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Rajkumar, Gopalan and Bhavan, Periyakali Saravana and Suganya, Muthu and Srinivasan, Veeran and Karthik, Madhayan and Udayasuriyan, Rajendr}, title = {Phytochemical Characterization of Marine Macro Alga Sargassum polycystem, Molecular Docking, and In Vitro Anti-bacterial Activity against Psuedomonas aeruginosa}, abstract ={Marine macro algae are useful to mankind as food, biofertilizer, and source of bioactive compounds such as agar-agar, alginates, and carrageenan. The aim of this study was to explore the phytochemicals, and the antibacterial activity of the marine alga Sargassum polycystem. The marine alga was subjected to ethanolic and methanolic extractions. The preliminary screening for phytochemicals showed the presence of tannins, polyphenols, saponins, cardiac glycosides, and quinones. The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of totally 16 secondary metabolites: 8 different compounds for each solvent extraction. Among these bioactive compounds, 3 compounds (1, 2 benzenedicarboxylic-dibutylester and 13, docosenamide of ethanolic extract, and 3, 5-diaminodeoxymethoxy of methanolic extract, showed the binding affinity and ability to react with exotoxin-A of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a common pathogenic bacterium of fishes and prawns. The in vitro antibacterial assays revealed that both ethanolic and methanolic extracts of S. polycystem possessed the ability to inhibit the growth of P. aeruginosa. Therefore, aquaculture medicine could be prepared with S. polycystem.}, Keywords = {Brown alga, ligands, exotoxin-A, Sargassum polycystem}, volume = {4}, Number = {1}, pages = {35-47}, publisher = {4}, url = {http://ibbj.org/article-1-160-en.html}, eprint = {http://ibbj.org/article-1-160-en.pdf}, journal = {International Biological and Biomedical Journal}, issn = {2423-4478}, eissn = {}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Zaruwa, Moses and Madu, Joshua Osuigwe and Yusuf, Abdulhakeem Adebayo and Muhammed, Abdurrasheed Ola Ol}, title = {In vivo Antiplasmodial and Cytotoxic Activity of Achyranthes aspera and Ficus thoningii in Mice Infected with Plasmodium berghei}, abstract ={Malaria remains o n e o f the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in tropical countries, and the alarming spread of the drugs resistant malaria parasite underscores the need to develop new antimalarial compounds. In this study, the phytochemical constituents, in vivo antiplasmodial, and cytotoxic activity of methanolic extracts of Achyranthes aspera and Ficus thoningii were evaluated using chloroquine sensitive Plasmodium berghei in mice. The extract of F. thoningii exhibited significant (P˂0.05) blood schizontocidal activity a dose dependent manner; in a four day treatment test. Likewise, A. aspera extract resulted in high suppressions of schizonts (74%, 100% and 87%) at 50, 100, and 200 mg/Kg body weight, respectively (P˂0.05). Neither death nor toxic signs was recorded in the mice in the acute toxicity study. These findings provide scientific rationale for the traditional use of these plants against malaria symptoms, and also make the plant a candidate for bioactivity guided phytochemical analyzes to identify the active principles.}, Keywords = {Malaria, Ficus thoningii, Achyranthes aspera, antiplasmodial activity}, volume = {4}, Number = {1}, pages = {48-53}, publisher = {4}, url = {http://ibbj.org/article-1-146-en.html}, eprint = {http://ibbj.org/article-1-146-en.pdf}, journal = {International Biological and Biomedical Journal}, issn = {2423-4478}, eissn = {}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Elitok, Bulent and Akgun, Se}, title = {Investigation on Effects of Parenterally Given Vitamin B Complex on Ruminal Protozoa in Cattle}, abstract ={B complex vitamins play an important role in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of B complex vitamins administered by exogenous route on rumen protozoa, hematological and blood biochemical parameters in clinically healthy cattles. Thirty cattles aged between 6 to 18 months, and breeding in Afyonkarahisar Province and surrounding regions were studied.  Ten clinically healthy animals served as control group. Twenty study group animals were given 10-20 ml B complex vitamins, 3 times during 3 days, by intramuscular route.  Clinical (body temperature, pulse and respiration rates, rumen contractions), hematological (total leukocyte count, erythrocyte count, hemoglobin and hematocrit measurements), and serum biochemical (aspartate aminotransferase, glucose, total protein, albumin) parameters along with rumen protozoa status were measured in all animals. Regarding hematological parameters, there was no significant difference between the study groups in term of time intervals (P> 0.05). The mean values of WBC, RBC, neutrophils, HGB, HTC, MCV, MCH and MCHC were different between the case and the control groups (P< 0.05), but the mean values of lymphocytes, monocytes, and basophils were not different (P> 0.05). AST, SDH, ALP enzyme levels averaged within the reference limits, but were significantly higher in the case group (P< 0.05). Consequently,  the use of B complex vitamins have proved to be of great benefit as it did not caused adverse effects on the digestive system at certain intervals in cattle.}, Keywords = {Afyonkarahisar, B complex vitamins, cattle, rumen, protozoa}, volume = {4}, Number = {1}, pages = {54-61}, publisher = {4}, url = {http://ibbj.org/article-1-149-en.html}, eprint = {http://ibbj.org/article-1-149-en.pdf}, journal = {International Biological and Biomedical Journal}, issn = {2423-4478}, eissn = {}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Bahsi, Emrullah and Ince, Bayram and Akkus, Zeki}, title = {Comparison of Fracture Resistance of Amalgam and Composite in Abrasioned Teeth}, abstract ={Different materials and techniques are used in dental wear restoration with the objective of increasing teeth resistance, and providing an aesthetic appearance. The aim of this study was to compare the fracture resistance of amalgam and posterior composite in abrasioned premolar and molar teeth. In this study, 60 carries and restoration- free human permanent mandibular premolar and molar teeth, freshly extracted because of orthodontic, periodontal and surgery reasons, were used. Cusps of teeth were removed with a horizontally cut, and were randomly divided into four groups of 15 teeth each. Groups 1 and 2 received class II restorations with posterior composite and amalgam, respectively in 15 premolar teeth. Groups 3 and 4 had class II restorations with posterior composite and amalgam, respectively in 15 molar teeth. After finishing and polishing, all samples were subjected to 1.000 times thermocycling with a dwell time of 30 s at 5 ± 2 oC, and 55 ± 2 oC. Then, teeth were mounted in acrylic resin to a depth of 2 mm apical to the cemento-enamel junction, and force was applied to all samples in a universal testing machine until fracture occurred. The results obtained after fracture were analyzed using the Shapiro-wilk and one-way ANOVA tests. According to these results, the difference between groups 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 2-3 and 2-4 was statistically significant (P< 0.05). The results of this study showed that posterior composite may be used in molar teeth which have suffered abrasion. In premolar teeth, the selection of restorative material must be made taking aesthetic expectations into consideration.}, Keywords = {Fracture resistance, amalgam, posterior composite}, volume = {4}, Number = {1}, pages = {62-66}, publisher = {4}, url = {http://ibbj.org/article-1-140-en.html}, eprint = {http://ibbj.org/article-1-140-en.pdf}, journal = {International Biological and Biomedical Journal}, issn = {2423-4478}, eissn = {}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Ibikunle, Adebayo and Taiwo, Abdurrazaq and Braimah, Ramat and Braimah, Ramat and Abdullahi, kabir and Adeyemi, Michael}, title = {Solitary Plasmacytoma of the Mandible: Report of a Rare Case}, abstract ={Solitary bone plasmacytoma belongs to a group of lymphoproliferative clinical disorders typified by clonal proliferation of plasma cells. Solitary plasmacytoma typically involves a single bone or extramedullary site. It commonly occurs in the vertebrae or thorax, and rarely involves the mandible. The aim of this report is to present a rare case of solitary plasmacytoma of the jaws mimicking periodontal disease. A solitary plasmacytoma involving the right mandibular ramus/angle was observed in a 60-year-old woman, which was a coincidental finding following persistent excessive post-extraction hemorrhage. The patient was referred for radiotherapy, and subsequent follow up has been uneventful. Although solitary plasmacytoma of the mandible is a rarity, it may occur nonetheless. It may mimic periodontal disease; hence clinicians should have a high index of suspicion when managing patients.}, Keywords = {Solitary bone plasmacytoma, lymphoproliferative disorders, mandible}, volume = {4}, Number = {1}, pages = {67-71}, publisher = {4}, url = {http://ibbj.org/article-1-151-en.html}, eprint = {http://ibbj.org/article-1-151-en.pdf}, journal = {International Biological and Biomedical Journal}, issn = {2423-4478}, eissn = {}, year = {2018} }